A paper co-authored by SSPSSR Senior Lecturer in Quantitative Sociology Dr Robert de Vries and Dr Aaron Reeves from the University of Oxford’s Department of Social Policy and Intervention, has won the 2020 British Journal of Sociology (BJS) Prize.
The paper, ‘Can cultural consumption increase future earnings? Exploring the economic returns to cultural capital’ analyses the results from a large-scale quantitative study. The study found that participating in cultural activities is likely to have a positive effect on future earnings, and on the chances of promotion and upward social mobility.
The BJS Prize is awarded biannually for an article published in the BJS during a 24-month period that makes an outstanding contribution to sociological knowledge.
In their paper, Dr de Vries and Dr Reeves suggest the most likely explanation for the effect they found is that economic gatekeepers (such as members of hiring or promotion committees) value cultural participation as an indication of an interesting and well-rounded candidate. They suggest that, when it comes to cultural participation, the message is not that only ‘high-brow’ activities count, but more generally that ‘more is better’.
Their study is based on data from Understanding Society (USoc), the UK’s largest ongoing longitudinal social survey. The USoc sample is considered to be highly representative of the British population, including data from roughly 20,000 USoc participants.
Dr de Vries said: ‘The primary focus of our analysis was the effect of cultural participation on future earnings. We examined the relationship between respondents’ current economic situation and their participation in cultural activities one year previously. In the Understanding Society survey, respondents are asked if they participated in each of a list of 14 activities. These activities include watching a film at the cinema, visiting an art exhibition, visiting a street arts display, attending a carnival, attending the theatre, attending the opera, attending a classical music concert, and attending a rock or pop performance.
‘We found that people who participated in a larger number of cultural activities earned significantly higher salaries a year later than did people who participated in fewer cultural activities. People who participated in one additional cultural activity earned an average of £175 more per month in the subsequent year.’
Dr de Vries is a Lecturer in Quantitative Sociology at SSPSSR and is also a senior member of Kent’s Q-Step centre. He has a wide variety of research interests, including social stratification and social comparisons, cultural consumption, health inequalities, and social attitudes and stereotypes (particularly as regards welfare benefit claimants).
His main current research areas include: the social patterning of cultural consumption; attitudes towards welfare benefit claimants in the UK; and the impact of social comparisons on wellbeing.
Dr de Vries primarily teaches quantitative methods at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels and also undertakes substantive teaching in the areas of inequality and social stratification.
‘Can cultural consumption increase future earnings? Exploring the economic returns to cultural capital’: Read the paper in full on the Wiley Online Library. A plain language summary is copied below:
In this study, we used data from a large, nationally representative survey of the British population to determine whether participating in cultural activities has a positive effect on people’s future earnings, and on their chances of promotion.
In a sample of around 20,000 people, we examined the relationship between their current participation in cultural activities and their economic situation one year later. In the survey (which is called Understanding Society), respondents are asked if they participated in each of a list of 14 activities, including: watching a film at the cinema, visiting an art exhibition, visiting a street arts display, attending a carnival, attending the theatre, attending the opera, attending a classical music concert, and attending a rock or pop performance.
We found that people who participated in more cultural activities earned higher salaries a year later. People who participated in one additional cultural activity earned an average of £175 more per month in the subsequent year. We also found that people who participated in more cultural activities were more likely to be promoted in the subsequent year, and were more likely to be upwardly socially mobile (to move from intermediate occupations to professional and managerial occupations).
There are a number of potential reasons why people who participate in more cultural activities may earn more in the future (and be more likely to be promoted and to be upwardly mobile):
- A causal effect of cultural participation. Cultural participation may be directly beneficial. Professional gatekeepers (such as members of hiring committees) may value cultural participation in and of itself as an indication of potential ‘fit’ with the company; with more culturally active candidates being seen as better prospects for hiring and promotion
- Reverse causation. Rather than cultural participation being beneficial for earnings, people on higher earnings may be more culturally active in the first place. (This would produce a relationship between cultural participation and future earnings because what you earned last year is strongly related to what you will earn this year)
- Confounding by social background. People from more advantaged social backgrounds are more likely to be culturally active. People from more advantaged backgrounds are also more likely to end up in higher paying jobs for reasons other than their level of cultural activity. This would tend to produce an apparent association between cultural participation and future earnings
- Confounding by intelligence or personality. Participation in a wide variety of cultural activities may be an indicator of intelligence and/or personality characteristics such as extraversion and sociability. It may be these characteristics, rather than cultural participation per se, which are beneficial.
In our statistical models, we used statistical modelling to account for these different explanations. In particular, we accounted for a variety of measures of social background, prior earnings, cognitive ability and personality. We found that, even when we remove these effects, there is still a positive effect of cultural participation on earnings and the chances of promotion and upward mobility.
Our findings suggest that these effects are strongest for those who are competing for higher status jobs, where gatekeepers may often be selecting between candidates with similar educational and occupational qualifications.
Our results also suggest that the beneficial effect of cultural participation is not restricted to traditionally ‘high-brow’ activities, such as attending the opera or visiting art exhibitions. Participation in a variety of activities – including things like watching films at the cinema – appears to be valued.
In conclusion, the results of our study suggest that cultural participation has a significant beneficial effect on people’s future economic prospects. The most likely explanation for this effect is that economic gatekeepers (such as members of hiring or promotion committees) value cultural participation as an indication of an interesting and well-rounded candidate. Our study also suggests that, when it comes to cultural participation, the message is not that only ‘high-brow’ activities count, but more generally that ‘more is better’.