{"id":335,"date":"2016-07-15T09:44:18","date_gmt":"2016-07-15T08:44:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/?p=335"},"modified":"2016-07-13T07:12:05","modified_gmt":"2016-07-13T06:12:05","slug":"visiting-a-bar-in-ancient-rome","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/07\/15\/visiting-a-bar-in-ancient-rome\/","title":{"rendered":"Visiting a Bar in Ancient Rome"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul class=\"kent-social-links\"><li><a href='http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/07\/15\/visiting-a-bar-in-ancient-rome\/&amp;t=Visiting a Bar in Ancient Rome' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-facebook' title='Share via Facebook'><\/i><\/a><\/li><li><a href='http:\/\/twitter.com\/home?status=Visiting a Bar in Ancient Rome%20https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/07\/15\/visiting-a-bar-in-ancient-rome\/' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-twitter' title='Share via Twitter'><\/i><\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/plus.google.com\/share?url=https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/07\/15\/visiting-a-bar-in-ancient-rome\/' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-google-plus' title='Share via Google Plus'><\/i><\/a><\/li><li><a href='http:\/\/linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&amp;url=https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/07\/15\/visiting-a-bar-in-ancient-rome\/&amp;title=Visiting a Bar in Ancient Rome' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-linkedin' title='Share via Linked In'><\/i><\/a><\/li><li><a href='mailto:content=https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/07\/15\/visiting-a-bar-in-ancient-rome\/&amp;title=Visiting a Bar in Ancient Rome' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-email' title='Share via Email'><\/i><\/a><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">It\u2019s a hot July day in Rome, a shimmering heat haze hovers above the cobblestones of the forum of Augustus. Lucius\u2019 stomach rumbles and his throat is as dry as papyrus. It\u2019s time to make a detour to a popina \u2014 the ancient Roman equivalent of the modern snack shop or bar!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>Style and structure<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> For many Romans, whose cramped tenement apartments did not run to mod cons such as cooking facilities, the popina was an essential part of everyday life. Although no ancient bars survive in Rome, they litter the streets of sites such as Pompeii, Herculaneum and Ostia, giving us a good idea of what these places actually looked like. The bars are often found on street corners or busy main streets. At Pompeii, the street that runs alongside the theatre district from the Porta Stabia had no less than 13 bars, all vying for customers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/07\/image-1.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-341 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/07\/image-1.jpeg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"660\" height=\"554\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/07\/image-1.jpeg 660w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/07\/image-1-300x252.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> <em>A bar at Ostia (I.2.5) with its large front-of-shop counter decorated in marble. Image: Paula Lock.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">You can usually spot a bar by the wide shop front opening directly onto the street and the service counter placed at the very front of the shop \u2014 a position that allowed customers to be served on the go. To attract customers, some canny bar owners adorned their counters with elaborate designs. Decoration ranged from sophisticated marble to painted images such as mythological scenes, plants and animals, and theatre masks, all of which were intended to chime with the interests and aspirations of the would-be customer.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">The counters varied in height considerably but on average were about 80 centimetres tall, somewhat lower than the counters found in modern bars. Unlike today\u2019s establishments, the counters in Roman bars were not necessarily set up so that children could not use them \u2014 in fact, one bar at Pompeii has a mysterious \u2018step\u2019 that might have been used by children to reach the counter. We also find evidence of children close to the bars, where, just as you may have seen in the Four Sisters in Ancient Rome film, they have made their mark with graffiti \u2014 often drawing little stick men. It would seem that it might have been reasonably common to see children in a Roman bar \u2014 maybe this is one way they began to learn how to behave as an adult.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/07\/The-bars_LR.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-345 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/07\/The-bars_LR.jpg\" alt=\"The bars_LR\" width=\"660\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/07\/The-bars_LR.jpg 660w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/07\/The-bars_LR-300x215.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> <em>Left, the \u2018Grande\u2019 bar at Herculaneum, IV.15-16. Top right, one of the smallest bars in Pompeii, VI.16.33. Bottom right, plaster cast of the shutters that would secure the shop at night (Pompeii, IX.7.10). Images: Paula Lock.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Many of the bars had some kind of cooking facility either built into the counter or placed at the shop threshold \u2014 a position that would help to expel smoky fumes and send the aromas of cooking food wafting down the streets.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">The bars came in a variety of shapes and sizes \u2014 the smaller places would have been standing room only, whereas others would have offered a more leisurely experience with tables and stools. A few of the better class establishments even had couches on which to recline.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>The menu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> So what might Lucius find on a bar menu to relieve his hunger pangs? The ancient literature gives us some clues \u2014 they talk of \u2018cuts of meat fetched smoking hot from wayside cookshops\u2019 (Suet. <em>Vit. <\/em>13.3.6), tripe (Juv. 11.81), green vegetables and dried beans (Suet. <em>Ner. <\/em>16.2.4), and \u2018hot tarts\u2019 (Plaut. <em>Poen<\/em>. 41).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">More revealing still is a graffito found in a room connected to a bar at Pompeii that lists products that were either bought or sold. The list includes bread, cheese, sausage, whitebait and porridge. You can find the full list <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=TQ4iAQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q=leek&amp;f=false\">here<\/a>, and the Latin text <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/db.edcs.eu\/epigr\/epi_en.php\">here<\/a> (paste \u2018CIL 04, 05380\u2019 into the top box). If you are learning Latin you could have a go at ordering your own bar food.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>Exercise:<\/strong> <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/penelope.uchicago.edu\/Thayer\/E\/Roman\/Texts\/Apicius\/home.html\">This link<\/a> will take you to some authentic Roman recipes. Many of the ingredients used by the Romans will be familiar to you, but see if you can spot any that you don\u2019t recognise \u2014 do they sound enticing?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">If you fancy making some Roman bread, watch chef Giorgio Locatelli guide you through the process <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/whats_on\/past_exhibitions\/2013\/pompeii_and_herculaneum\/bread_recipe.aspx\">here<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/07\/Food-and-drink_LR.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-346\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/07\/Food-and-drink_LR.jpg\" alt=\"Food and drink_LR\" width=\"660\" height=\"385\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/07\/Food-and-drink_LR.jpg 660w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/07\/Food-and-drink_LR-300x175.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> <em>Frescoes from the back room of the bar at VI.10.1, Pompeii. Left, customers seated around a table, note the foodstuffs hanging above their heads. Right, a customer gets a refill of <\/em><em>Setinian wine. Images: Paula Lock.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">And what would Lucius wash his food down with? Perhaps a little wine. Roman wine was much stronger than the wine we drink today, so it was diluted with either cold or warmed water (3 parts water to 1 part wine). Although children of Lucius\u2019s age would not be served alcohol in bars today, in ancient times, wine was the main drink for everyone. However, as you may have spotted in the film, <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/ed.ted.com\/lessons\/a-glimpse-of-teenage-life-in-ancient-rome-ray-laurence\">A Glimpse of Teenage Life in Ancient Rome<\/a>, despite the consumption of wine being the norm, this did not stop the Secundus boys overindulging.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">The Romans had a range of wines to choose from that varied in price according to quality. This is illustrated in a sign from Herculaneum and a graffito from Pompeii, which mentions the popular Falernian wine.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Hedone says, \u2018You can drink here for one <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/penelope.uchicago.edu\/Thayer\/E\/Roman\/Texts\/secondary\/SMIGRA*\/As.html\"><em>as<\/em><\/a>, if you give two, you will drink better; if you give four, you will drink Falernian.\u2019 (CIL IV 1679)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Translation from <em>Pompeii and Herculaneum: A Sourcebook<\/em><em>, <\/em>Alison E. Cooley and M. G. L. Cooley, (p.235, H20).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/07\/Herculaneum-sign_LR.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-347\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/07\/Herculaneum-sign_LR.jpg\" alt=\"Herculaneum sign_LR\" width=\"660\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/07\/Herculaneum-sign_LR.jpg 660w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/07\/Herculaneum-sign_LR-300x193.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> <em>A shop sign from Herculaneum, advertising the prices of different wines. Image: Paula Lock.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">The wine was often seasoned with ingredient such as pepper, honey or cumin. Some people were so particular about the spices that went into their wine, that they took their own particular mix along with them when they went travelling.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">A poem attributed to Virgil also mentions the types of fare on offer at a bar, whilst giving us a flavour of what the ambience might have been like. The poet talks of the sounds of music, the splash of water, the song of the cicadas and the smell of roses and fragrant fruits. You can read the poem <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/virgil.org\/appendix\/copa.htm\">here<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>The customers<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> This portrayal of a bar is in stark contrast to the picture we get from most of the literary sources. This is because the upper-class Romans had a rather snooty attitude towards the bars, their patrons and to what the shops sold. For example, the bar is described as an \u2018infamous and shameful vittling house\u2019 (Lucil. 1.11), a \u2018greasy caf\u00e9\u2019 (Hor. <em>Epist. <\/em>1.14.21), nasty eating house (Hor. <em>Sat<\/em>. 2.4.62), vile cookshop (Cic. <em>Pis<\/em>. 13.4) and reeking cookshop (Juv. 11.81).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Juvenal gives us a rundown of the type of characters that might typically be seen in such a place\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Send your Legate to Ostia, O Caesar, but search for him in some big cookshop! There you will find him, lying cheek-by-jowl beside a cut-throat, in the company of bargees, thieves, and runaway slaves, beside hangmen and coffin-makers, or of some eunuch priest lying drunk with idle timbrels. Here is Liberty Hall! One cup serves for everybody; no one has a bed to himself, nor a table apart from the rest.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Juvenal, 8.171. Translated by G. G. Ramsay, (<a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/juvenalpersiuswi00juveuoft?ui=embed#page\/170\/mode\/2up\">click for link<\/a>).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Martial is particularly scathing about the clientele of the bars, especially a character called Syriscus, who did not recline to eat when at the <em>popina<\/em>, as was the custom. Such practices, along with eating in public, were seen by the elite as socially incorrect behaviour, so in this satire Martial is highlighting the Roman class distinctions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>Gambling<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Gambling was also often linked with the bars \u2014 despite it being outlawed. The dice box had such a distinctive sound, it could give away the not so secretive gambler, as Martial highlights <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/martialepigrams01martiala?ui=embed#page\/352\/mode\/2up\">(V.LXXXIV)<\/a>. Such games of chance might also result in a punch up, as depicted in a fresco from Pompeii, where the outcome of the throw of the dice sparks a fight between the two players.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/07\/Gambling_LR.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-348\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/07\/Gambling_LR.jpg\" alt=\"Gambling_LR\" width=\"660\" height=\"363\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/07\/Gambling_LR.jpg 660w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/07\/Gambling_LR-300x165.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> <em>Left and top right, wall paintings from Pompeii showing gaming scenes. Bottom right, dice boxes (<\/em><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/penelope.uchicago.edu\/Thayer\/E\/Roman\/Texts\/secondary\/SMIGRA*\/Fritillus.html\">fritillus<\/a><em>) and dice. Images: Paula Lock.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>Exercise:<\/strong> Follow this link <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/droitromain.upmf-grenoble.fr\/Anglica\/D11_Scott.htm#V\">5. Concerning gamblers<\/a>, jot down the main points set out by these laws. What is allowed and what isn\u2019t?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>Women<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Overall, the sources suggest that the Roman bars were very much a place for men \u2014 where we do find women portrayed, they tend to be barmaids rather than customers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">For example, electoral graffiti written outside a bar at Pompeii names three women \u2014 Maria, Aegle and Zmyrina \u2014 who it is thought worked in the bar. The names are exotic (Aegle and Zmyrina are of Greek origin) and remind us of the multi-cultural nature of the labour force of the Roman world and that many different languages and accents would have been heard around these cities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/07\/image.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-339\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/07\/image.jpeg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"660\" height=\"356\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/07\/image.jpeg 660w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/07\/image-300x162.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> <strong><em>Left, wall painting from a bar in Pompeii showing a barmaid serving drinks. Right, electoral graffiti, naming Zmyrina (CIL IV 7863). Images: Paula Lock.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">In another graffito we find a rather popular barmaid called Iris, who has two admirers vying for her affections.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Severus: Successus the weaver loves the barmaid of the inn, called Iris, who doesn\u2019t care for him, but he asks and she feels sorry for him. A rival wrote this. Farewell.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Successus: You\u2019re jealous, bursting out with that. Don\u2019t try to muscle in on someone who\u2019s better-looking and is a wicked and charming man.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Severus: I have written and spoken. You love Iris, who doesn\u2019t care for you. Severus to Successus. (CIL IV 8259, 8258)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Translation from <em>Pompeii and Herculaneum: A Sourcebook<\/em><em>, <\/em>Alison E. Cooley and M. G. L. Cooley, (p.109, D105).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">The poor reputation of some of these bars may have been the reason women did not venture across their thresholds. However, the Roman laws make it clear that such establishments were linked with prostitution, and therefore no place for a respectable woman. The association of the bar with prostitution was so ingrained that even if a woman entered one, she could be branded as a prostitute.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>We hold that a woman openly practices prostitution, not only where she does so in a house of ill-fame, but also if she is accustomed to do this in taverns, or in other places where she manifests no regard for her modesty.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em>Dig<\/em>.23.2.43.pr. <strong>Translated by Samuel\u00a0P.\u00a0Scott,<\/strong> (<a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/droitromain.upmf-grenoble.fr\/Anglica\/D23_Scott.htm#II\">click for link<\/a>).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Certainly, if the graffiti found in the bars are to be believed, some of the women associated with these establishments may have been rather free with their favours. However, to what extent these texts reflect reality is unclear \u2014 it could just be a case of male bravado.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>Exercise:<\/strong> Follow the link <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/droitromain.upmf-grenoble.fr\/Anglica\/CJ5_Scott.htm#5\">here<\/a> and search for the word \u2018tavern\u2019, what other laws can you find that relate to women and bars?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Despite the negative press handed out by the elite, the bars provided much needed refreshment to many. They were also a focus for social interaction, gossip and general well-being for the lower strata of society. As such they played a key role in the urban landscape of the city.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">For Lucius, now revived, he can continue his day with a full stomach and a spring in his step!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>Bibliography and further reading<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Cooley, Alison, and M. G. L. Cooley. <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=TQ4iAQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><em>Pompeii and Herculaneum: A Sourcebook<\/em><\/a>. Routledge Sourcebooks for the Ancient World. London; New York: Routledge, 2014.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Dalby, Andrew, and Grainger, Sally. <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=T7S5iC3pZp0C&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><em>The Classical Cookbook<\/em><\/a>. London: British Museum Press, 1996.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Ellis, Steven, \u2018Pes dexter: Superstition and state in the shaping of shop-fronts and street activity in the Roman world\u2019 in <em>Rome, Ostia, Pompeii: Movement and Space.<\/em> Oxford, edited by Laurence, Ray, and Newsome, David J., 160-173. Toronto: New York: OUP Oxford, 2011. You can download a pdf of the chapter <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/2331345\/Pes_dexter_Superstition_and_state_in_the_shaping_of_shop-fronts_and_street_activity_in_the_Roman_world\">here<\/a>.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Hermansen, Gustav. <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=a1IHhcAPaEQC&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><em>Ostia: Aspects of Roman City Life<\/em><\/a>. Edmonton, Alta: University of Alberta Press, 1982. See pages 125-204.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Laes, Christian, and Ville Vuolanto, eds. <em>Children and Everyday Life in the Roman and Late Antique World<\/em>. S.l.: Routledge, 2016.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> See especially, \u2018Children and the Urban Environment: Agency in Pompeii\u2019, Ray Laurence and \u2018Age, Agency, and Material Culture in the Roman World: the Graffiti Evidence from Roman Campania\u2019, Katherine Huntley (This book will be released October 2016.)<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Laurence, Ray. <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=QpmpAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA82&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><em>Roman Pompeii: Space and Society<\/em><\/a>. London; New York: Routledge, 2007. See pages 82-101.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Packer, James E. \u2018Inns at Pompeii: A Short Survey.\u2019 <em>Cronache Pompeiane<\/em> 4 (1978): 19480.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Toner, J. P. <em>Popular Culture in Ancient Rome<\/em>. Cambridge: Polity, 2009.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"kent-social-links\"><li><a href='http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/07\/15\/visiting-a-bar-in-ancient-rome\/&amp;t=Visiting a Bar in Ancient Rome' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-facebook' title='Share via Facebook'><\/i><\/a><\/li><li><a href='http:\/\/twitter.com\/home?status=Visiting a Bar in Ancient Rome%20https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/07\/15\/visiting-a-bar-in-ancient-rome\/' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-twitter' title='Share via Twitter'><\/i><\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/plus.google.com\/share?url=https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/07\/15\/visiting-a-bar-in-ancient-rome\/' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-google-plus' title='Share via Google Plus'><\/i><\/a><\/li><li><a href='http:\/\/linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&amp;url=https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/07\/15\/visiting-a-bar-in-ancient-rome\/&amp;title=Visiting a Bar in Ancient Rome' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-linkedin' title='Share via Linked In'><\/i><\/a><\/li><li><a href='mailto:content=https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/07\/15\/visiting-a-bar-in-ancient-rome\/&amp;title=Visiting a Bar in Ancient Rome' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-email' title='Share via Email'><\/i><\/a><\/li><\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It\u2019s a hot July day in Rome, a shimmering heat haze hovers above the cobblestones of the forum of Augustus.&hellip; <a class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/07\/15\/visiting-a-bar-in-ancient-rome\/\">Read more <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Visiting a Bar in Ancient Rome<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":40877,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[152656],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/335"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/40877"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=335"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/335\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":338,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/335\/revisions\/338"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=335"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=335"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=335"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}