{"id":296,"date":"2016-06-15T09:04:16","date_gmt":"2016-06-15T08:04:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/?p=296"},"modified":"2016-06-23T14:22:07","modified_gmt":"2016-06-23T13:22:07","slug":"why-were-new-born-children-left-to-die-in-ancient-rome","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/06\/15\/why-were-new-born-children-left-to-die-in-ancient-rome\/","title":{"rendered":"Why were new born children left to die in ancient Rome?"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul class=\"kent-social-links\"><li><a href='http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/06\/15\/why-were-new-born-children-left-to-die-in-ancient-rome\/&amp;t=Why were new born children left to die in ancient Rome?' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-facebook' title='Share via Facebook'><\/i><\/a><\/li><li><a href='http:\/\/twitter.com\/home?status=Why were new born children left to die in ancient Rome?%20https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/06\/15\/why-were-new-born-children-left-to-die-in-ancient-rome\/' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-twitter' title='Share via Twitter'><\/i><\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/plus.google.com\/share?url=https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/06\/15\/why-were-new-born-children-left-to-die-in-ancient-rome\/' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-google-plus' title='Share via Google Plus'><\/i><\/a><\/li><li><a href='http:\/\/linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&amp;url=https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/06\/15\/why-were-new-born-children-left-to-die-in-ancient-rome\/&amp;title=Why were new born children left to die in ancient Rome?' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-linkedin' title='Share via Linked In'><\/i><\/a><\/li><li><a href='mailto:content=https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/06\/15\/why-were-new-born-children-left-to-die-in-ancient-rome\/&amp;title=Why were new born children left to die in ancient Rome?' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-email' title='Share via Email'><\/i><\/a><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">The question as to why parents might expose a new-born child has perplexed people living in the 20<sup>th<\/sup> and 21<sup>st<\/sup> centuries. It seems so alien that a civilization as complexed as Rome might also contain such an aspect. The evidence is far from straight-forward (as you will see from the links), but we can piece together some of the reasoning of people 2000 years ago. In this blog, we set out the evidence for you, so that you may consider how the Romans may have thought about this practice. Read the blog and consider the choices facing Roman parents and what this practice indicates about Roman culture.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>Exposing the newborn infant<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">When the decision was made not to rear an infant, the child would be left at a location to await its fate. Places within the city became known as sites for the exposure of unwanted children. Juvenal identifies some for us as the <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Columna_Lactaria\"><em>lactoria columna<\/em><\/a> or the <em>spurci lacus<\/em> (<a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/juvenalpersiuswi00juveuoft?ui=embed#page\/132\/mode\/2up\">VI.603<\/a>). Abandoning an infant at one of these places, increased its chances of survival because anyone looking to \u2018adopt\u2019 or rear a child would have sought out newborn children at these places. In contrast, the infant left in a more isolated place outside the city was left to die rather than to be found.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/05\/ClaudiusBM_LR.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-297\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-297\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/05\/ClaudiusBM_LR.jpg\" alt=\"ClaudiusBM_LR\" width=\"300\" height=\"403\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/05\/ClaudiusBM_LR.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/05\/ClaudiusBM_LR-223x300.jpg 223w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><em>Portrait of the Emperor Claudius, who had the daughter of his wife Urgulanilla \u2018cast out naked\u2019. British Museum. Image: Paula Lock.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Exposed infants were left clothed, but this was not always the case. Suetonius mentions that the Emperor Claudius insisted the daughter of his wife Urgulanilla by a freed slave be \u2018cast out naked\u2019 (<a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/suetonius02suetuoft?ui=embed#page\/n69\/mode\/2up\">Suet., <em>Claud<\/em>. 27<\/a>) reducing its chances of survival. This case shows the intention to kill the infant, in contrast to the abandonment of children in the hope of others caring for them.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">We know that sometimes parents left tokens with their infant in the hope that these items may be recognized in the future to identify the abandoned child as a family member. These might include items such as rattles and <em>crepundia<\/em> (<a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.perseus.tufts.edu\/hopper\/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=crepundia-harpers\">definition here<\/a>). This is a feature of the novel <em>Daphnis and Chloe<\/em>, written at the time of the Roman Empire by the Greek novelist Longus. You can read the story <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/daphnischloe00gasegoog\">here<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>Excercise: why might the exposure of an infant not result in their death?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>How could an exposed or abandoned child be recognised by its parents later in life? <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/05\/Romulus-and-Remus2_LR.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-298\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-298\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/05\/Romulus-and-Remus2_LR.jpg\" alt=\"Romulus and Remus2_LR\" width=\"300\" height=\"377\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/05\/Romulus-and-Remus2_LR.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/05\/Romulus-and-Remus2_LR-239x300.jpg 239w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><em>Altar showing Romulus and Remus \u2014 perhaps two of the most famous foundlings \u2014 being nursed by the she-wolf. Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Rome. Image: Paula Lock<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>Exercise: examine each of the following 5 reasons for exposure given below and consider how the Romans explained that decision. If you lived in Rome: was there an ethically correct reason to expose a child?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>Reason 1: Economic<br \/>\n<\/strong>Perhaps the most common reason found to explain the exposure of children is an economic one. For a poor family, the arrival of an extra mouth to feed would result only in diminished shares for everyone and greater hardship. However, according to the stoic philosopher Musonius Rufus, even the rich would expose their children. Read about Musonius\u2019 thoughts on exposure <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/MUSONIUSRUFUSSTOICFRAGMENTS#page\/n31\/mode\/2up\">here<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>Reason 2: Birth defects\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Nearly 1 in 30 of modern births result in children with some form of birth defect. Modern medicine has become an effective counter to many of these. However, without it, bringing up a child with a major medical problem (such as hydrocephalus) would have been challenging for parent and child. Soranus gives an extensive list of criteria to judge if an infant is healthy enough to rear (II.10). For example, the baby must cry vigorously, its limbs and organs must be sound, its orifices must all open and the movement of each part of the body must not be sluggish or weak.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>Reason 3: Illegitimacy<br \/>\n<\/strong>Questionable parentage is another factor that could lead to abandonment. As noted earlier, Claudius ordered the exposure of an illegitimate child and \u2014 according to Suetonius \u2014 Augustus also forbade the rearing of an illegitimate child born to Julia, his grand-daughter (<a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/suetonius01suet?ui=embed#page\/222\/mode\/2up\"><em>Aug<\/em>. 65<\/a>). The Roman poet Ovid writes of the exposure of a baby born to Canace. Canace committed incest with her brother and her outraged father ordered the child to be thrown to the dogs and birds. You can read the passage <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/heroidesamores00ovid\">here<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>Reason 4: Evil omens<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> According to Suetonius, another reason for exposure was evil omens. For example, he claims that the out-pouring of grief at the death of the Emperor Germanics in AD 19 resulted in parents exposing their new-born children <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/suetonius01suet?ui=embed#page\/408\/mode\/2up\">(Suet., <em>Cal.<\/em> 5<\/a>). They also stoned the temples, overturned altars and threw their household gods into the street. This seems a fairly rare occurrence.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>Reason 5: Gender<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> It is often suggested that more girls were exposed than boys. This is illustrated in a letter from a husband to his wife, telling her that if she gives birth to a boy to let it live, if it is a girl, to expose it (<a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.stoa.org\/diotima\/anthology\/wlgr\/wlgr-privatelife249.shtml\">see the link here<\/a>). The same scenario can be seen in drama, for example in Terence\u2019s play Heautontimorumenos. Sostrata is given strict orders by her husband Chremes that she is not to rear her child if it is a girl (<em>Haut<\/em>. 626). You can read the play <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/selftormentorhe00ricogoog?ui=embed#page\/n20\/mode\/2up\">here<\/a>. We have no idea how many people faced this choice or used this logic to decide whether they should rear a child.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/05\/Lupanar_LR.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-299\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-299\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/05\/Lupanar_LR.jpg\" alt=\"Lupanar_LR\" width=\"300\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/05\/Lupanar_LR.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/05\/Lupanar_LR-231x300.jpg 231w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><em>A room in the lupanar (brothel) at Pompeii. Image: Paula Lock<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>What became of the exposed infants who were found and taken up?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Of those foundlings who survived their early childhood, many would have become slaves. Indeed, this was probably one of the reasons that the practice of exposure was accepted \u2014 it fueled the supply of free labour. The Romans also had a fear that the exposure of a child might lead to a father having sex with his own daughter. The Christian apologist Justin explains the nature of this danger, if the child was brought up to become a prostitute (<a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/fathers\/0126.htm\">Chapter 27. Guilt of exposing children<\/a>).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>Exercise: how different were the choices facing Roman parents from those of parents in the 21<sup>st<\/sup> century?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>Further reading<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Dixon, Suzanne. <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=_JVjL-Fwm0MC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Dixon+the+Roman+Family&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiwp9j-y_XMAhUBK8AKHXxSBzEQ6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Dixon%20the%20Roman%20Family&amp;f=false\"><em>The Roman Family<\/em>.<\/a> Ancient Society and History. Baltimore; London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Harris, W. V. <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/journals.cambridge.org\/action\/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&amp;aid=8417037\">Child-Exposure in the Roman Empire<\/a><em>, The Journal of Roman Studies<\/em>, Vol. 84 (1994), pp. 1-22 Published by: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Harlow, Mary, and Ray Laurence. <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=BlFKK4cbehcC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Growing+up+and+Growing+Old+in+Ancient+Rome&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjy6djmzPXMAhXBLcAKHVBuCQYQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Growing%20up%20and%20Growing%20Old%20in%20Ancient%20Rome&amp;f=false\"><em>Growing up and Growing Old in Ancient Rome: A Life Course Approach<\/em>.<\/a> London: Routledge, 2002.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Rawson, Beryl. <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=Ah9XwjhyM8gC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Children+and+Childhood+in+Roman+Italy&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiw6MeCzfXMAhWrAcAKHbj9BqIQ6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Children%20and%20Childhood%20in%20Roman%20Italy&amp;f=false\"><em>Children and Childhood in Roman Italy<\/em><\/a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"kent-social-links\"><li><a href='http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/06\/15\/why-were-new-born-children-left-to-die-in-ancient-rome\/&amp;t=Why were new born children left to die in ancient Rome?' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-facebook' title='Share via Facebook'><\/i><\/a><\/li><li><a href='http:\/\/twitter.com\/home?status=Why were new born children left to die in ancient Rome?%20https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/06\/15\/why-were-new-born-children-left-to-die-in-ancient-rome\/' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-twitter' title='Share via Twitter'><\/i><\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/plus.google.com\/share?url=https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/06\/15\/why-were-new-born-children-left-to-die-in-ancient-rome\/' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-google-plus' title='Share via Google Plus'><\/i><\/a><\/li><li><a href='http:\/\/linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&amp;url=https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/06\/15\/why-were-new-born-children-left-to-die-in-ancient-rome\/&amp;title=Why were new born children left to die in ancient Rome?' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-linkedin' title='Share via Linked In'><\/i><\/a><\/li><li><a href='mailto:content=https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/06\/15\/why-were-new-born-children-left-to-die-in-ancient-rome\/&amp;title=Why were new born children left to die in ancient Rome?' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-email' title='Share via Email'><\/i><\/a><\/li><\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The question as to why parents might expose a new-born child has perplexed people living in the 20th and 21st&hellip; <a class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/06\/15\/why-were-new-born-children-left-to-die-in-ancient-rome\/\">Read more <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Why were new born children left to die in ancient Rome?<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":40877,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[152656,152666,18240],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/296"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/40877"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=296"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/296\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":303,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/296\/revisions\/303"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=296"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=296"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=296"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}