{"id":227,"date":"2016-04-13T11:41:45","date_gmt":"2016-04-13T10:41:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/?p=227"},"modified":"2016-06-23T14:19:41","modified_gmt":"2016-06-23T13:19:41","slug":"life-of-a-foreigner-in-ancient-rome","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/04\/13\/life-of-a-foreigner-in-ancient-rome\/","title":{"rendered":"Life of a Foreigner in Ancient Rome"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul class=\"kent-social-links\"><li><a href='http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/04\/13\/life-of-a-foreigner-in-ancient-rome\/&amp;t=Life of a Foreigner in Ancient Rome' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-facebook' title='Share via Facebook'><\/i><\/a><\/li><li><a href='http:\/\/twitter.com\/home?status=Life of a Foreigner in Ancient Rome%20https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/04\/13\/life-of-a-foreigner-in-ancient-rome\/' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-twitter' title='Share via Twitter'><\/i><\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/plus.google.com\/share?url=https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/04\/13\/life-of-a-foreigner-in-ancient-rome\/' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-google-plus' title='Share via Google Plus'><\/i><\/a><\/li><li><a href='http:\/\/linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&amp;url=https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/04\/13\/life-of-a-foreigner-in-ancient-rome\/&amp;title=Life of a Foreigner in Ancient Rome' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-linkedin' title='Share via Linked In'><\/i><\/a><\/li><li><a href='mailto:content=https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/04\/13\/life-of-a-foreigner-in-ancient-rome\/&amp;title=Life of a Foreigner in Ancient Rome' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-email' title='Share via Email'><\/i><\/a><\/li><\/ul><p><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.29.50-AM.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-40\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.29.50-AM-245x300.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2015-11-26 at 11.29.50 AM\" width=\"245\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.29.50-AM-245x300.png 245w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.29.50-AM.png 266w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 245px) 100vw, 245px\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><b> Introduction<\/b> \u2013<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Ancient Rome had through much of its history an incredibly diverse population. At the point in which the Empire expanded to its furthest limit we find Rome a city of wondrous variety. Hairstyles and fashion from all the nations of the Empire could be seen in the city, and their languages and accents could be heard on its streets and public places. What did Romans think of these foreigners who were constantly becoming incorporated into the city\u2019s population?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">In this blog you will find ancient literary sources which shed some light on what Romans thought of the world around them and of the various people who lived together in the crowded and bustling city of Rome.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/10\/maxresdefault.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-8\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/10\/maxresdefault-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"maxresdefault\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/10\/maxresdefault-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/10\/maxresdefault-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/10\/maxresdefault-624x351.jpg 624w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/10\/maxresdefault.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Contents<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> 1. Diversity in Rome<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> 2. The World According to The Romans<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> 3. Roman View of Foreigners<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> 4. The Attraction to Rome<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> 5. Imagining a Roman Street Scene<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.31.25-AM.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-41\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.31.25-AM-300x15.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2015-11-26 at 11.31.25 AM\" width=\"300\" height=\"15\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.31.25-AM-300x15.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.31.25-AM-660x32.png 660w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.31.25-AM.png 1016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><b>Diversity in Rome<\/b><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Cicero<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> <i> This is Rome, a state formed by the gathering of nations.<\/i><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> (Q. Cic. Pet. 14, <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/On_running_for_the_Consulship#2\">click for link<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Athenaeus<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> How many nationalities are present in Rome according to Athenaeus? Can you locate these places on a modern day map? Which nationality does Athenaeus say is the best? Can you guess the nationality of Athenaeus?<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> <i> Rome may fairly be called the nation of the world. And he will not be far out who pronounces the city of the Romans an epitome of the whole earth; for in it you may see every other city arranged collectively, and many also separately; for instance, there you may see the golden city of the Alexandrians, the beautiful metropolis of Antioch, the surpassing beauty of Nicomedia; and besides all these that most glorious of all the cities which Jupiter has ever displayed, I mean Athens. And not only one day, but all the days in an entire year, would be too short for a man who should attempt to enumerate all the cities which might be enumerated as discernible in that uranopolis of the Romans, the city of Rome; so numerous are they.\u2014For indeed some entire nations are settled there, as the Cappadocians, the Scythians, the people of Pontus, and many others.<\/i><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> (Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists, 1.36, <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.perseus.tufts.edu\/hopper\/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2013.01.0003%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D36\">click for link<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.31.25-AM.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-41\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.31.25-AM-300x15.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2015-11-26 at 11.31.25 AM\" width=\"300\" height=\"15\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.31.25-AM-300x15.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.31.25-AM-660x32.png 660w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.31.25-AM.png 1016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><b>The World According to the Romans<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/Sea-Monster.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-238\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-238\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/Sea-Monster-300x225.png\" alt=\"Sea Monster\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/Sea-Monster-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/Sea-Monster.png 653w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Sea Monster, Sala Rotunda, Vatican Museums, Rome. Credit: Julia Peters<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">What do you think the following extract from Pliny\u2019s Natural History tells us about the Roman\u2019s view of the world?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Pliny<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> <em>In the vicinity also of those who dwell in the northern regions, and not far from the spot from which the north wind arises, and the place which is called its cave, and is known by the name of Geskleithron, the Arimaspi are said to exist, whom I have previously mentioned, a nation remarkable for having but one eye, and that placed in the middle of the forehead. This race is said to carry on a perpetual warfare with the Griffins, a kind of monster, with wings, as they are commonly represented, for the gold which they dig out of the mines, and which these wild beasts retain and keep watch over with a singular degree of cupidity, while the Arimaspi are equally desirous to get possession of it.<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> <em>On many of the mountains again, there is a tribe of men who have the heads of dogs, and clothe themselves with the skins of wild beasts. Instead of speaking, they bark; and, furnished with claws, they live by hunting and catching birds. According to the story, as given by Ctesias, the number of these people is more than a hundred and twenty thousand: and the same author tells us, that there is a certain race in India, of which the females are pregnant once only in the course of their lives, and that the hair of the children becomes white the instant they are born. He speaks also of another race of men, who are known as Monocoli, who have only one leg, but are able to leap with surprising agility. The same people are also called Sciapod\u00e6,: because they are in the habit of lying on their backs, during the time of the extreme heat, and protect themselves from the sun by the shade of their feet. These people, he says, dwell not very far from the Troglodyt\u00e6; to the west of whom again there is a tribe who are without necks, and have eyes in their shoulders.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em>Nature, in her ingenuity, has created all these marvels in the human race, with others of a similar nature, as so many amusements to herself, though they appear miraculous to us. But who is there that can enumerate all the things that she brings to pass each day, I may almost say each hour? As a striking evidence of her power, let it be sufficient for me to have cited whole nations in the list of her prodigies.<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> (Pliny, NH, 7.2., <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.perseus.tufts.edu\/hopper\/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3D2\">click for link<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.31.25-AM.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-41\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.31.25-AM-300x15.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2015-11-26 at 11.31.25 AM\" width=\"300\" height=\"15\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.31.25-AM-300x15.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.31.25-AM-660x32.png 660w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.31.25-AM.png 1016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>Roman View of Foreigners<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> The emperor Claudius, as recorded by Tacitus, explains to the Roman senate why the men of Gaul should be given the right to obtain public office. In your own words, how does Claudius justify his decision? Do you find his argument convincing?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Tacitus<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> <em>In my own ancestors, the eldest of whom, Clausus, a Sabine by extraction, was made simultaneously a citizen and the head of a patrician house, I find encouragement to employ the same policy in my administration, by transferring hither all true excellence, let it be found where it will. For I am not unaware that the Julii came to us from Alba, the Coruncanii from Camerium, the Porcii from Tusculum; that \u2014 not to scrutinize antiquity \u2014 members were drafted into the senate from Etruria, from Lucania, from the whole of Italy; and that finally Italy itself was extended to the Alps, in order that not individuals merely but countries and nationalities should form one body under the name of Romans. The day of stable peace at home and victory abroad came when the districts beyond the Po were admitted to citizenship, and, availing ourselves of the fact that our legions were settled throughout the globe, we added to them the stoutest of the provincials, and succoured a weary empire. Is it regretted that the Balbi crossed over from Spain and families<\/em> <em>equally distinguished from Narbonese Gaul? Their descendants remain; nor do they yield to ourselves in love for this native land of theirs. What else proved fatal to Lacedaemon and Athens, in spite of their power in arms, but their policy of holding the conquered aloof as alien-born? But the sagacity of our own founder Romulus was such that several times he fought and naturalized a people in the course of the same day! Strangers have been kings over us: the conferment of magistracies on the sons of freedmen is not the novelty which it is commonly and mistakenly thought, but a frequent practice of the old commonwealth&#8230; Now that customs, culture, and the ties of marriage have blended them with ourselves, let them bring among us their gold and their riches instead of retaining them beyond the pale!<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> (Tacitus, Annals 11.24 <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/penelope.uchicago.edu\/Thayer\/E\/Roman\/Texts\/Tacitus\/Annals\/11B*.html\">click for link<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Horace, writing to the emperor Tiberius, claims that the conquered peoples of the Roman Empire \u2018worship\u2019 their Emperor. The nations are both named and alluded to by reference to rivers. This method of description gives the reader a mental image of how vast an area is encompassed by the Roman Empire. Note how each nation is characterized. Do you find these characterizations positive or negative? Does Horace intend Tiberius to be pleased that these people worship him?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Horace (1st century BC\/1st century AD)<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> <em>The Spaniards, never conquered before, the Medes,<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> the Indians, marvel at you, the roving<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> Scythians, O eager protector<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> of Italy and Imperial Rome.<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> The Nile, that conceals its origin, hears you,<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> the Danube hears, and the swift-flowing Tigris,<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> the Ocean, filled with monsters, roaring<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> around the distant island of Britain,<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> and the regions of Gaul, unafraid of death,<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> and the stubborn Iberian land, hear you:<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> Sygambri, delighting in slaughter,<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> stand, with grounded weapons, worshipping you.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">(Horace, Odes, 4.14.41-52 <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.poetryintranslation.com\/PITBR\/Latin\/HoraceOdesBkIV.htm#anchor_Toc40764115\">click for link<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Poet Martial describes a scene in the Colosseum in which spectators from all over the Empire gather to see the games. Like Horace, Martial uses characterizations to identify the different nationalities. What do Martial\u2019s descriptions tell us about these different cultures? What is Martial trying to communicate in this extract from de Spectaculis?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/col.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-242\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-242\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/col-300x153.png\" alt=\"col\" width=\"300\" height=\"153\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/col-300x153.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/col-768x392.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/col-660x337.png 660w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/col.png 852w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Martial<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em>WHAT race is set so far, what race so barbarous,<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> Caesar, wherefrom a spectator is not in thy city ?<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> There has come the farmer of Rhodope from Orphic<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> Haemus, there has come too the Sarmatian fed on<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> draughts of horses&#8217; blood, and he who quaffs at its<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> spring the stream of first-found Nile, and he 3 whose<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> shore the wave of farthest Tethys beats ; the Arab<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> has sped, Sabaeans have sped, and Cilicians have<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> here been drenched in their own saffron dew. 4 With<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> hair twined in a knot have come Sygambrians, and,<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> with locks twined elsewise, Aethiopians. Diverse<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> sounds the speech of the peoples, yet then is it one<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> when thou art acclaimed thy country&#8217;s Father true.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">(Martial, de spectaculis, 3, <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/martialepigrams01martiala\/martialepigrams01martiala_djvu.txt\">click for link<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Many of the foreigner\u2019s residing in Rome were slaves or of slave origin. In a law found in Uplian\u2019s Digest it is required that the nationality of a slave be declared to prospective buyers. What reason is given in the text for this? What can this law tell us about Roman prejudices to other nationalities?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Ulpian<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> <em>Persons who sell slaves should always state their nationality, at the time of the sale, for very frequently the place of the nativity of a slave either attracts or deters the purchaser, and hence it is to our interest to know in what country he was born; for it is presumed that some slaves are good because they are sprung from a nation which has not an evil reputation, and others are considered to be bad because they are derived from a nation which is rather disreputable than otherwise. If the origin of the slave was not mentioned, an action on this ground will be granted to the purchaser and to all those interested in the matter, by means of which the purchaser can compel a slave to be taken back.<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> (Ulpian, Digest, 21.1.31.21<a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/droitromain.upmf-grenoble.fr\/Anglica\/D21_Scott.htm#I\"> click for link<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">The law above tells us that Romans thought of foreigners differently depending on their nationality. To better understand the Roman view of foreigners let\u2019s look at descriptions of different nationalities found in ancient literature.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>Greeks<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/greece.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-243\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-243\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/greece.png\" alt=\"greece\" width=\"118\" height=\"118\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Using evidence in the texts below, what positive and negative views do you find of Romans towards Greeks? What do you think influenced negative views of the Greeks?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Cicero<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> <em>But I say this of the whole race of Greeks; I allow them learning, I allow them a knowledge of many arts; I do not deny them wit in conversation, acuteness of talents, and fluency in speaking; even if they claim praise for other sorts of ability, I will not make any objection; but a scrupulous regard to truth in giving their evidence is not a virtue that that nation has ever cultivated; they are utterly ignorant what is the meaning of that quality, they know nothing of its authority or of its weight.<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> (Cic. Pro Flacco, 9 <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/perseus.uchicago.edu\/perseus-cgi\/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&amp;getid=1&amp;query=Cic.%20Flac.%208\">click for link<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Juvenal<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> <em>And What About all Those Greeks?<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> That race most acceptable now to our wealthy Romans,<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> That race I principally wish to flee, I\u2019ll swiftly reveal,<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> And without embarrassment. My friends, I can\u2019t stand<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> A Rome full of Greeks, yet few of the dregs are Greek!<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> \u2026See, Romulus, those rustics of yours wearing Greek slippers,<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> Greek ointments, Greek prize medallions round their necks.<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> He\u2019s from the heights of Sicyon, and he\u2019s from Amydon,<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> From Andros, Samos, they come, from Tralles or Alabanda,<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> Seeking the Esquiline and the Viminal, named from its willows.<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> To become both the innards and masters of our great houses.<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> Quick witted, of shamelessly audacity, ready of speech, more<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> Lip than Isaeus, the rhetorician. Just say what you want them<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> To be. They\u2019ll bring you, in one person, whatever you need:<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> The teacher of languages, orator, painter, geometer, trainer,<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> Augur, rope-dancer, physician, magician, they know it all,<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> Your hungry Greeks: tell them to buzz off to heaven, they\u2019ll go.<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> \u2026Should I not flee these people in purple? Should I watch them sign<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> <em>Ahead of me, then, and recline to eat on a better couch than mine,<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> Men propelled to Rome by the wind, with the plums and the figs?<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> Is it nothing that in my childhood I breathed the Aventine air,<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> Is it nothing that in my youth I was nurtured on Sabine olives?<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">(Juvenal, Sat. 3, <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.poetryintranslation.com\/PITBR\/Latin\/JuvenalSatires3.htm\">click for link<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Plutarch \u2013 Life of Cato<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> <em>Seeking to prejudice his son against Greek culture, he indulges in an utterance all too rash for his years, declaring, in the tone of a prophet or a seer, that Rome would lose her empire when she had become infected with Greek letters. But time has certainly shown the emptiness of this ill-boding speech of his, for while the city was at the zenith of its empire, she made every form of Greek learning and culture her own.<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> (Plutarch, Life of Cato, 23.3, <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/penelope.uchicago.edu\/Thayer\/E\/Roman\/Texts\/Plutarch\/Lives\/Cato_Major*.html\">click for link<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>Gauls<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/gaul.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-244\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-244\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/gaul.png\" alt=\"gaul\" width=\"134\" height=\"109\" \/><\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> In what ways did the ancient Romans find Gauls different to themselves?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Diodorus Siculus<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> <em>The Gauls are tall of body, with rippling muscles, and white of skin, and their hair is blond, and not only naturally so, but they also make it their practice by artificial means to increase the distinguishing colour which nature has given it. For they are always washing their hair in lime-water, and they pull it back from the forehead to the top of the head and back to the nape of the neck, with the result that their appearance is like that of Satyrs and Pans, since the treatment of their hair makes it so heavy and coarse that it differs in no respect from the mane of horses. Some of them shave the beard, but others let it grow a little; and the nobles shave their cheeks, but they let the moustache grow until it covers the mouth. Consequently, when they are eating, their moustaches become entangled in the food, and when they are drinking, the beverage passes, as it were, through a kind of a strainer.<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> (Diodorus Siculus, V.28.1 <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/penelope.uchicago.edu\/Thayer\/E\/Roman\/Texts\/Diodorus_Siculus\/5B*.html\">click for link<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em>The Gauls are terrifying in aspect and their voices are deep and altogether harsh; when they meet together they converse with few words and in riddles, hinting darkly at things for the most part and using one word when they mean another; and they like to talk in superlatives, to the end that they may extol themselves and depreciate all other men. They are also boasters and threateners and are fond of pompous language, and yet they have sharp wits and are not without cleverness at learning.<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> (Diodorus Siculus, V. 31.1 <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/penelope.uchicago.edu\/Thayer\/E\/Roman\/Texts\/Diodorus_Siculus\/5B*.html\">click for link<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>Britons<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/britons.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-245\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-245\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/britons-300x226.png\" alt=\"britons\" width=\"300\" height=\"226\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/britons-300x226.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/britons.png 544w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> What did ancient Romans find shocking about the Britons? For the language in the following texts, what do you think the Romans admired about them?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Cassius Dio<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> <em>There are two principal races of the Britons, the Caledonians and the Maeatae, and the names of the others have been merged in these two. The Maeatae live next to the cross-wall which cuts the island in half, and the Caledonians are beyond them. Both tribes inhabit wild and waterless mountains and desolate and swampy plains, and possess neither walls, cities, nor tilled fields, but live on their flocks, wild game, and certain fruits; for they do not touch the fish which are there found in immense and inexhaustible quantities. They dwell in tents, naked and unshod, possess their women in common, and in common rear all the offspring. Their form of rule is democratic for the most part, and they are very fond of plundering; consequently they choose their boldest men as rulers. They go into battle in chariots, and have small, swift horses; there are also foot-soldiers, very swift in running and very firm in standing their ground. For arms they have a shield and a short spear, with a bronze apple attached to the end of the spear-shaft, so that when it is shaken it may clash and terrify the enemy; and they also have daggers. They can endure hunger and cold and any kind of hardship; for they plunge into the swamps and exist there for many days with only their heads above water, and in the forests they support themselves upon bark and roots, and for all emergencies they prepare a certain kind of food, the eating of a small portion of which, the size of a bean, prevents them from feeling either hunger or thirst.<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> (Cassius Dio, Roman History, 77.12.1, <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/penelope.uchicago.edu\/Thayer\/E\/Roman\/Texts\/Cassius_Dio\/77*.html\">click for link<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Herodian<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> <em>Strangers to clothing, the Britons wear ornaments of iron at their waists and throats; considering iron a symbol of wealth, they value this metal as other barbarians value gold. They tattoo their bodies with coloured designs and drawings of all kinds of animals; for this reason they do not wear clothes, which would conceal the decorations on their bodies.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em>Extremely savage and warlike, they are armed only with a spear and a narrow shield, plus a sword that hangs suspended by a belt from their otherwise naked bodies.<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> (Herodian, Roman History, 3.14.1, <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.livius.org\/he-hg\/herodian\/hre314.html\">click for link<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>Syrians<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/syria.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-246\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-246\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/syria.png\" alt=\"syria\" width=\"133\" height=\"122\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">From the following extracts, what associations did Romans make with people from Syria? Do you think more Syrians came to Rome freely or in as slaves?<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Juvenal<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> <em>For the Syrian Orontes has long since polluted the Tiber,<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> Bringing its language and customs, pipes and harp-strings,<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> And even their native timbrels are dragged along too,<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> And the girls forced to offer themselves in the Circus.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">(Juvenal, Sat. 3.62-5, <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.poetryintranslation.com\/PITBR\/Latin\/JuvenalSatires3.htm#anchor_Toc281039204\">click for link<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Julius Capitolinus<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Historia Augusta<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em>Verus maintained also the actor Agrippus, surnamed Memphius, whom he had brought with him from Syria, almost as a trophy of the Parthian war, and named Apolaustius. He had brought with him, too, players of the harp and the flute, actors and jesters from the mimes, jugglers, and all kinds of slaves in whose entertainment Syria and Alexandria find pleasure, and in such numbers, indeed, that he seemed to have concluded a war, not against Parthians, but against actors.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">(Julius Capitolinus, Verus, 8.10, <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/penelope.uchicago.edu\/Thayer\/E\/Roman\/Texts\/Historia_Augusta\/Lucius_Verus*.html\">click for link<\/a>)<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Cicero<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em>\u2026Jews and Syrian nations, themselves born for slavery.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">(Cicero, De Provinciis Consularibus, 10, <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/perseus.uchicago.edu\/perseus-cgi\/citequery3.pl?dbname=PerseusLatinTexts&amp;getid=1&amp;query=Cic.%20Prov.%2010\">click for link<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>Africans<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/africa.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-247\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-247\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/africa-300x79.png\" alt=\"africa\" width=\"300\" height=\"79\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/africa-300x79.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/africa-660x173.png 660w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/africa.png 708w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">The province of Africa Proconsularis consisted of much of Northern Africa, including the city of Leptis Magna, in modern-day Libya. One famous Roman came from this city \u2013 Septimius Severus, emperor from 193-211 AD. How were Severus\u2019 African origins viewed by the following source?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/sept.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-248\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-248\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/sept-208x300.jpg\" alt=\"sept\" width=\"208\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/sept-208x300.jpg 208w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/sept.jpg 506w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 208px) 100vw, 208px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Septimius Severus, Capitoline Museums, Rome <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Septimius_Severus_busto-Musei_Capitolini.jpg\">source<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Statius<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> <em>Can it be that far Leptis on the distant Syrtes is indeed<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> your birthplace? Why, soon she will yield Indian<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> harvests and rob fragrant Sheba<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> of her priceless cinnamon.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em>Who would not think that beloved Septimius had planted<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> his baby steps on each of the seven hills of Romulus?<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> Who would think that as a weanling child<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> he had not drunk of Juturna\u2019s rill?<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em>Nor strange such worth: in your boyhood<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> you knew not the waters of Africa,<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> but sailed into Ausonian havens, and swam,<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> our adopted kinsman, in Tiber\u2019s pools&#8230;<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> <em>[There is ] no trace of Carthage in your speech or in your bearing:<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em> no alien heart is yours: Italy, Italy is your motherland.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">(Statius, Silv. 4.5.29, 45-6 <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/pages.pomona.edu\/~cmc24747\/sources\/statius\/silv_4.htm\">click for link<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Did Septimius Severus want to forget his African origins? In his vast building career Severus built a great monument (now lost) called the Septizonium next to the Circus Maximus in Rome. What does the following quote tell us of its purpose?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Aelius Spartianus, Historia Augusta<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><em>When he built the Septizonium he had no other thought than that his building should strike the eyes of those who came to Rome from Africa.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">(Aelius Spartianus, Severus <a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/penelope.uchicago.edu\/Thayer\/E\/Roman\/Texts\/Historia_Augusta\/Septimius_Severus*.html\">click for link<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.31.25-AM.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-41\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.31.25-AM-300x15.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2015-11-26 at 11.31.25 AM\" width=\"300\" height=\"15\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.31.25-AM-300x15.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.31.25-AM-660x32.png 660w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.31.25-AM.png 1016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>The Attraction to Rome<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/scene.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-249\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-249\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/scene-300x163.png\" alt=\"scene\" width=\"300\" height=\"163\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/scene-300x163.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/scene-768x418.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/scene-660x359.png 660w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/scene.png 807w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Many foreigners were brought to Rome against their will as slaves. For those who came freely, what were their motivations for travelling and immigrating to Rome according to the following text?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Seneca<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> <em>Look, I pray you, on these vast crowds, for whom all the countless roofs of Rome can scarcely find shelter: the greater part of those crowds have lost their native land: they have flocked hither from their country towns and colonies, and in fine from all parts of the world. Some have been brought by ambition, some by the exigencies of public office, some by being entrusted with embassies, some by luxury which seeks a convenient spot, rich in vices, for its exercise, some by their wish for a liberal education, others by a wish to see the public shows. Some have been led hither by friendship, some by industry, which finds here a wide field for the display of its powers. Some have brought their beauty for sale, some their eloquence: people of every kind assemble themselves together in Rome, which sets a high price both upon virtues and vices. Bid them all to be summoned to answer to their names, and ask each one from what home he has come: you will find that the greater part of them have left their own abodes, and journeyed to a city which, though great and beauteous beyond all others, is nevertheless not their own.<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> (Seneca, ad Helviam, 6.2-3,<a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Of_Consolation:_To_Helvia#VI.\"> click for link<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.31.25-AM.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-41\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.31.25-AM-300x15.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2015-11-26 at 11.31.25 AM\" width=\"300\" height=\"15\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.31.25-AM-300x15.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.31.25-AM-660x32.png 660w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2015\/11\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-26-at-11.31.25-AM.png 1016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> <strong>Imagining a Roman Street Scene<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/street.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-250\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-250\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/street-300x153.png\" alt=\"street\" width=\"300\" height=\"153\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/street-300x153.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/street-768x391.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/street-660x336.png 660w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/street.png 799w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">There are many statues, mosaics and even some paintings surviving from the Roman period which allow those with a good imagination to populate in their minds a Roman street with the faces of those from the past.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">From Egypt<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/eygpt.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-251\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-251\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/eygpt-190x300.png\" alt=\"eygpt\" width=\"190\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/eygpt-190x300.png 190w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/eygpt.png 447w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 190px) 100vw, 190px\" \/><\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Unknown artist<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Mummy Portrait of a Bearded Man, about 150 &#8211; 170, Encaustic on wood<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> 37 x 21 cm (14 9\/16 x 8 1\/4 in.)<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California (<a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.getty.edu\/art\/collection\/objects\/7140\/unknown-maker-mummy-portrait-of-a-bearded-man-romano-egyptian-about-150-170\/\">source<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/woman.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-252\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-252\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/woman-227x300.png\" alt=\"woman\" width=\"227\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/woman-227x300.png 227w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/woman.png 488w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 227px) 100vw, 227px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Attributed to the (namepiece) Isidora Master (Romano-Egyptian, active 100 &#8211; 125)<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Mummy Portrait of a Woman, 100 &#8211; 110, Encaustic on wood; gilt; linen<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> 48 x 36 x 12.8 cm (18 7\/8 x 14 3\/16 x 5 1\/16 in.)<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California (<a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.getty.edu\/art\/collection\/objects\/9421\/attributed-to-the-namepiece-isidora-master-mummy-portrait-of-a-woman-romano-egyptian-100-110\/\">source<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">From Gaul<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/hip-gaul.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-253\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-253\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/hip-gaul-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"hip gaul\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/hip-gaul-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/hip-gaul-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/hip-gaul-660x495.jpg 660w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/hip-gaul.jpg 990w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Dying Gaul \u2013 Capitoline Museums, Rome (credit: Julia Peters)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">From Dacia<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/dacian.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-254\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-254\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/dacian-242x300.jpg\" alt=\"dacian\" width=\"242\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/dacian-242x300.jpg 242w, https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/files\/2016\/04\/dacian.jpg 581w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 242px) 100vw, 242px\" \/><\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\">Fragment of a monumental statue of a Dacian prisoner from Trajan&#8217;s Forum in Rome, Italy. (2nd century CE), photographed by George Shuklin (<a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Roman_bust_of_a_Dacian_tarabostes,_Hermitage,_St_Petersburg,_Russia_-_20070614.jpg\">source<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff\"><strong>For Further Reading<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Balsdon, J P V D. (1979), Romans and Aliens. London: Duckworth<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;(2011), Rethinking the Other in Antiquity. Princeton: Princeton University Press<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Isaac, B.H. (2004), The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity. Oxford: Princeton University Press<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> La Piana, G. (1927) \u201cForeign Groups in Rome\u201d. Harvard Theological Review 20: 183-403<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Noy, D. (2000), Foreigners at Rome: Citizens and Strangers. London: Duckworth with The Classical Press of Wales<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff\"> Roth, Roman and Keller, Johannes eds. (2007), Roman by integration : dimensions of group identity in material culture and text. Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary Series 66<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"kent-social-links\"><li><a href='http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/04\/13\/life-of-a-foreigner-in-ancient-rome\/&amp;t=Life of a Foreigner in Ancient Rome' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-facebook' title='Share via Facebook'><\/i><\/a><\/li><li><a href='http:\/\/twitter.com\/home?status=Life of a Foreigner in Ancient Rome%20https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/04\/13\/life-of-a-foreigner-in-ancient-rome\/' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-twitter' title='Share via Twitter'><\/i><\/a><\/li><li><a href='https:\/\/plus.google.com\/share?url=https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/04\/13\/life-of-a-foreigner-in-ancient-rome\/' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-google-plus' title='Share via Google Plus'><\/i><\/a><\/li><li><a href='http:\/\/linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&amp;url=https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/04\/13\/life-of-a-foreigner-in-ancient-rome\/&amp;title=Life of a Foreigner in Ancient Rome' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-linkedin' title='Share via Linked In'><\/i><\/a><\/li><li><a href='mailto:content=https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/04\/13\/life-of-a-foreigner-in-ancient-rome\/&amp;title=Life of a Foreigner in Ancient Rome' target='_blank'><i class='ksocial-email' title='Share via Email'><\/i><\/a><\/li><\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction \u2013 Ancient Rome had through much of its history an incredibly diverse population. At the point in which the&hellip; <a class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/2016\/04\/13\/life-of-a-foreigner-in-ancient-rome\/\">Read more <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Life of a Foreigner in Ancient Rome<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":40877,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[152656,152666],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/227"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/40877"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=227"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/227\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":255,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/227\/revisions\/255"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=227"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=227"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.kent.ac.uk\/lucius-romans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=227"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}